Famous Paintings Reviewed

Famous Paintings at the Hermitage

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Visiting the Hermitage, with its famous paintings dominating some 3 million works of art, has been a dream for decades.  The founding of this art museum is usually dated to 1764, when Catherine the Great began acquiring art collections and deploying art agents throughout Europe to purchase on her behalf.  I've seen a famous painting by Michelangelo, Crouching Boy; twelve or so art paintings by Titian; Giorgione's Judith;  over three dozen art paintings by Rubens; two dozen by van Dyck; two famous paintings by Leonardo da Vinci; The Lute Player by Caravaggio; Danae by Rembrandt; two famous paintings by Leonardo da Vinci, and noteworthy art paintings by famous painters like Matisse and Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890). It's breathtaking, even with temperatures and humidity in the 90s.

Although van Gogh was phenomenally influential on generations of subsequent artists, he sold only one art painting, Red Vineyard in Arles, during his brief lifetime.  Born in Holland to an evangelical preacher, he struggled to secure a career; after being fired from his uncle's art gallery, he opted to enter the Church but displeased its superiors with his overzealous care of the poor.  Desperately, he turned to painting.  In merely ten years, van Gogh generated an oeuvre that impressed famous painters like Claude Monet, who deemed van Gogh's art paintings the best in the Salon des Independants of 1890, and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, who reportedly threatened to duel a man critical of van Gogh's art paintings. 

In 1889, van Gogh was institutionalized in an asylum in Saint-Remy for care of recurrent mental illness.  His somber palette of earlier art paintings like The Potato Eaters had been

Vincent van Gogh. Portrait of Madame Trabuc, September, 1989. Oil on canvas.  Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg.

supplanted by a more diverse palette of brighter hues.  From St. Remy, he wrote his brother,Theo:

Life passes by, and you cannot undo it, but precisely for that reason I am working without sparing any effort: the opportunity to work may not present itself again.  This is so much more the case with me: after all, an unusually strong attack could destroy me as an artist forever (LT 605).

 One of the famous paintings from his Saint Remy stay is Portrait of Madame Trabuc, or Jeanne Lafuye Trabuc (1834-1903). Little is known of her other than she was married to the head warden at St. Remy, and was 55 when she posed for van Gogh.  Vincent describes her to Theo:

She [Madame Trabuc] is an unhappy, faded, and quiescent woman, so inconsequential and unnoticeable that I felt an acute wish to paint on canvas this dusty blade of grass (LT 605).

This sentiment is captured in van Gogh's controlled brushstokes that define Madame's dress; these vertical, evenly spaced marks are remote from the impasto, or thick, circular strokes more typical of his art paintings.  Van Gogh made a copy of this Trabuc portrait for Theo, making it impossible to know if the Hermitage painting is the version from the live model or this copy. And who cares? It's stunning, brilliantly capturing her quiet, unassuming demeanor.

A painting of the same year acknowleges the esteem van Gogh held for Jean-Francois Millet, recorded in a letter he wrote after seeing some of Millet's drawings on sale:

When I went into the room in the Hotel Drouot where they[Millet's drawings] were exhibited, I was seized by a feeling something like this: Take off your shoes; you are standing on holy ground.(LT 29).

Vincent van Gogh.  Morning: Going Out (After Millet), January, 1890. Oil on canvas, 28 3/4" x 36 1/4".  Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg.

In this art painting, van Gogh's brushstrokes are energetically applied as he employed color to create moods rather than to replicate reality.  As he told Theo, "Instead of trying to reproduce what I see before me, I use color in a completely arbitrary way to express myself powerfully." His reliance on the expressive values of color made him a darling of later Fauvists and Expressionists... and of art museum visitors everywhere!

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Vincent van Gogh and "The Potato Eaters"

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Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) was born in Groot-Zundert, Holland, the son of a Calvinist pastor.  His early life was marked by career uncertainty: he left school in 1869 to work for an art dealer, who fired him seven years later; he spent two years as a lay preacher working with impoverished miners, but was denied ordination because Calvinist authorities considered him overly passionate. At the age of 27, van Gogh resolved to become an artist, receiving lifelong emotional and financial support from his brother, Theo. This support included frequent letters written between the two, providing an boon for art history - they facilitate analysis of the relationship between each of van Gogh's works of art and the historical context in which it was painted (click van Gogh letters for the complete English transcriptions of all 900+ letters to and from him).

From 1883 to 1885, van Gogh painted at his father's vicarage in Nuenen, Holland, where he painted The Potato 

Eaters.  In it, his empathy toward coal miners reveals influences from 19th century Realism, from van Gogh's personal ministry with this same population, from the famous painter, Jean-Francois Millet (1814-1875), and from his lesser known contemporary, Jozef Israels (1824-1910). The realistic art and peasant imagery of Millet were enormously influential on van Gogh, especially Millet's famous painting, The Sower. In a letter to Theo describing

his own painting of peasants, van Gogh said, "While I was doing it I thought again about what has so rightly been said of Millet's peasants - ‘His peasants seem to have been painted with the soil they sow'".  Van Gogh also admired Israels, a painter of fishermen and peasants whom van Gogh described to Theo as the "Dutch Millet". Israels' Peasant Family at Table doubtlessly motivated van Gogh to create his own version of a peasants' meal.  

Compositionally, The Potato Eaters echoes Israels' work of art.  Van Gogh's painting, however, has darker hues, an impasto paint texture, and more influence of Rembrandt's tenebrism (a painting style employed by Caravaggio and followers in which a few objects are brightly lit while the majority are in heavy shadow).  Its

perspective is askew - look how abruptly the ceiling beams recede - and reveals van Gogh's technical naivete. Perhaps this lack of experience permits his passion to exude, however. The peasants' gnarled hands and fingers evince severe arthritic pain, while the folds and wrinkles in their tattered clothing seem to restrain some unwieldy force within.  On the wall, the Crucifixion picture and clock seem poised to jump off the wall rather than remain attached.  This explosive energy within this work of art is a heartfelt but unsentimental contrast to its solemnity and tranquility, in which these peasants have merely coffee and potatoes to eat after a physically taxing day. Van Gogh was pleased with Potato Eaters, writing to Theo that "in contrast to a great many other paintings, it has rusticity and a certain life in it. And then, although it's done differently, in a different century from the old Dutchmen, Ostade, for instance, it's nevertheless out of the heart of peasant life and - original."

Van Gogh's painting career was tragically abbreviated by his unspecifiable mental illness; the physician who admitted him to a psychiatric hospital in 1888 noted that Van Gogh had "acute mania with hallucinations of sight and hearing."  His failure to achieve financial stability was profoundly troubling - in his lifetime, he sold only one painting, Red Vineyard at Arles, had no patrons, and was forced to remain financially dependent on Theo.  Although he had recently received a postive review from the art critic Alberet Aurier (read it here), van Gogh shot himself and died in 1890.

Van Gogh's impact on art history is incalcuabale: in one decade, he created roughly 1000 works of art (including 70 paintings in his final 70 days) and inspired Fauvists, Expressionists and legions of famous painters including Gauguin (1848 - 1903), Matisse (1869 - 1854), Maurice Vlaminck (1876 - 1958), Paula Modersohn-Becker (1876 - 1907), and Francis Bacon (1909 - 1992). Even with the brevity of his life, van Gogh remains one of the most famous artists in art history.